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Q. What are the reference levels in digital audio systems?

    https://www.soundonsound.com/sound-advice/q-what-are-reference-levels-digital-audio-systems
    The implication of using the dBV reference is that the nominal level is -10dBV, and therefore suggests that the alignment is set to the equally unusual '-22dBFS = -10dBV' reference. Some equipment (such as the Digidesign 002 audio interface, …

Reference Level - Part One - Power Sound Audio

    https://www.powersoundaudio.com/pages/reference-level-part-one
    Reference level simply means that a recognized signal will be produced at a certain volume level at the seating position / microphone position. That's it. When calibrating the system the recognized signal is usually band limited (500hz to 2000hz for the full range channels) pink noise recorded at -30dBFS.

THX reference level explained - Acoustic Frontiers

    http://www.acousticfrontiers.com/2013314thx-reference-level/
    Reference level means two things for home theater design: 1. Speakers and amplifiers must be capable of 105dB peaks. If the playback chain is calibrated to produce 85dB for a -20dB signal at the listening position then the speakers and amplifiers could be asked to produce 105dB for a 0dB signal. It is a challenging proposition for an audio ...

Audio Reference Levels - tangible-technology.com

    http://www.tangible-technology.com/audiobasics/levels/level.html
    The "location" of the reference level determines headroom — the distance in dB before clipping (0dBFS) needs no translation. From the reference level to the noise floor is another story based on the number of bits, quality of D-to-A converter, circuit design and …

Audio levels – IPS

    https://ips.org.uk/encyclopedia/audio-levels/
    The level would then be given as so many decibels re: 1 mW. In all formal writing, and wherever there could possibly be any doubt, it is essential to give the reference quantity. This may be done by putting the reference quantity in brackets. For example, where the reference is 1 mW, the level would be given as so many dB(mW).

What is "reference" level? | AVS Forum

    https://www.avsforum.com/threads/what-is-reference-level.1252556/
    Joined Dec 28, 2005. ·. 6,952 Posts. #5 · May 26, 2010. Only show this user. Average reference level is about 85db with ideally 20db headroom for peaks on the main channels and 30db headroom on the LFE channel. 75db is the typical calibration level that most avr's put out, but is not considered reference listening level.

Reference Levels - What are they and how to get them ...

    https://www.avforums.com/threads/reference-levels-what-are-they-and-how-to-get-them.1860487/
    A reference level is the PEAK level (in terms of output SPL in decibels) when the digital audio sample is also at its PEAK (ie '0 dB'). You can use any level of your choosing but generally when people talk about 'reference level' they mean Dolby Reference Level which has a well-defined meaning (from Dolby) and that is 105 dB (115 dB for LFE but ...

The relation of sound quantities references and levels ...

    http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-soundvalues.htm
    The reference value for the sound level was chosen so that with a characteristic acoustic impedance of Z 0 = ρ · c = 400 N·s/m 3 the sound intensity level results in the same value as the sound pressure level. We therefore simply speak of the "sound level" and leave it open whether sound pressure level or sound intensity level is meant.

Table chart sound pressure levels SPL level test normal ...

    http://www.sengpielaudio.com/TableOfSoundPressureLevels.htm
    to a factor of 0.25. The reference value for the sound level was chosen so that with a characteristic acoustic impedance of Z 0 = ρ · c = 400 N·s/m 3 the sound intensity level results in the same value as the sound pressure level. We therefore simply speak of the "sound level" and leave it open whether sound pressure level or sound intensity ...

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