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THX reference level explained - Acoustic Frontiers

    http://www.acousticfrontiers.com/2013314thx-reference-level/
    Reference level means two things for home theater design: 1. Speakers and amplifiers must be capable of 105dB peaks If the playback chain …

Q. What are the reference levels in digital audio systems?

    https://www.soundonsound.com/sound-advice/q-what-are-reference-levels-digital-audio-systems
    The figure +12dBV is about 4V and equivalent to roughly +14dBu. The implication of using the dBV reference is that the nominal level is -10dBV, and therefore suggests that the alignment is set to the equally unusual '-22dBFS = -10dBV' …

Audio Reference Levels - tangible-technology.com

    http://www.tangible-technology.com/audiobasics/levels/p4m10.html
    the math: 18 dB above +4dBu is +22 dBu.) Remember that the amplifiers feeding pin 2 and pin 3 can only deliver +18dBu "max." With only 2 dB of headroom, under normal circumstances, operation in the "unsafe" mode will attempt to add 6 dB …

Reference Level - Part One - Power Sound Audio

    https://www.powersoundaudio.com/pages/reference-level-part-one
    You will have a range something like "-75" to "+15". If your receiver does not default to 00 during the calibration sequence this is often referred to as an "absolute volume display". This type of display usually ranges from "00" to "100" for example.

Everything You Need to Know About Audio ... - SonicScoop

    https://sonicscoop.com/2018/03/29/everything-need-know-audio-meteringand/
    Engineers will often shoot for recording input and output levels of anywhere from a low of -22 dbFS to a high of -12dBFS. One of the more popular scales is to have -18 dbFS be equal to 0 on their analog VU meters. As discussed above, that’s usually going to mean a voltage of +4dBu. Meters: Visualizing dB

What is "reference" level? | AVS Forum

    https://www.avsforum.com/threads/what-is-reference-level.1252556/
    Reference levels are 105 db's peak in any given channel full range. LFE is 115 db's peak. 85 db's is the average so if you are listening to 75 db's average then you are 10db's lower than reference (THX and DD reference levels).

Reference Levels - What are they and how to get them ...

    https://www.avforums.com/threads/reference-levels-what-are-they-and-how-to-get-them.1860487/
    If the volume number is -10, it is 10 dB below reference level (95 dB peak SPL); if it is +10, it is 10 dB above reference level (115 dB peak SPL). Many people refer to the '0' on the relative scale (where 0 is not the max) as '0 dB'.

Understanding Signal Levels in Audio Gear

    https://www.sweetwater.com/insync/understanding-signal-levels-audio-gear/
    1. Mic Level Microphones have comparatively small output voltages, on the order of thousandths of a volt (0.001V) ranging up to tenths of a volt (0.1V). Mic outputs can range from very low to very high depending on the mic type and design. Low-output Mics

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